See bireven in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Death",
"orig": "enm:Death",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bereave"
},
"expansion": "English: bereave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bereave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bereve",
"3": "bereif"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bereve, bereif",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bereve, bereif"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "berēafian"
},
"expansion": "Old English berēafian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*biraubōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *biraubōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biraubōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biraubōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bi-",
"3": "reven"
},
"expansion": "bi- + reven",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English berēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *biraubōn, from Proto-Germanic *biraubōną; equivalent to bi- + reven.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bireveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "birevynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireft",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireftest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bireften",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "birevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bireft",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "be-refe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "be-reve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bereve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "byreeve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "biræivie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "birævien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bireven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bireveth",
"2": "birevynge",
"3": "birefte",
"4": "bireft"
},
"expansion": "bireven (third-person singular simple present bireveth, present participle birevynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative birefte, past participle bireft)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rev",
"2a": "ref",
"c": "ed",
"c2": "te",
"pf": "bi"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 13 13 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 20 19 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with bi-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 8 7 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To steal or rob; to secretly loot."
],
"id": "en-bireven-enm-verb-H2ZH9oOK",
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"steal",
"steal"
],
[
"rob",
"rob"
],
[
"loot",
"loot"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To grab, grasp, or confiscate with force."
],
"id": "en-bireven-enm-verb-EjDJx7L5",
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"grab",
"grab"
],
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"confiscate",
"confiscate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 2 42 30",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To deprive of an emotion or feeling"
],
"id": "en-bireven-enm-verb-P2sRiBzf",
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"deprive",
"deprive"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 12 12 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 8 7 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 0 0 92",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Crime",
"orig": "enm:Crime",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To murder; to unlawfully kill."
],
"id": "en-bireven-enm-verb-S19lUDKE",
"links": [
[
"murder",
"murder"
],
[
"unlawfully",
"unlawfully"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈrɛːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bɛˈrɛːvən/"
}
],
"word": "bireven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms prefixed with bi-",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Crime",
"enm:Death",
"enm:Emotions"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bereave"
},
"expansion": "English: bereave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bereave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bereve",
"3": "bereif"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bereve, bereif",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bereve, bereif"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "berēafian"
},
"expansion": "Old English berēafian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*biraubōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *biraubōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biraubōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biraubōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bi-",
"3": "reven"
},
"expansion": "bi- + reven",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English berēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *biraubōn, from Proto-Germanic *biraubōną; equivalent to bi- + reven.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bireveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "birevynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireft",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "birevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireftest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bireven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bireften",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bireveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "birevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "birevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bireved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bireft",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "be-refe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "be-reve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bereve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "byreeve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "biræivie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "birævien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bireven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bireveth",
"2": "birevynge",
"3": "birefte",
"4": "bireft"
},
"expansion": "bireven (third-person singular simple present bireveth, present participle birevynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative birefte, past participle bireft)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rev",
"2a": "ref",
"c": "ed",
"c2": "te",
"pf": "bi"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To steal or rob; to secretly loot."
],
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"steal",
"steal"
],
[
"rob",
"rob"
],
[
"loot",
"loot"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To grab, grasp, or confiscate with force."
],
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"grab",
"grab"
],
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"confiscate",
"confiscate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cause someone to lose something:",
"To deprive of an emotion or feeling"
],
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"lose",
"lose"
],
[
"deprive",
"deprive"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To murder; to unlawfully kill."
],
"links": [
[
"murder",
"murder"
],
[
"unlawfully",
"unlawfully"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈrɛːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bɛˈrɛːvən/"
}
],
"word": "bireven"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bireven meaning in Middle English (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.